We collected approximately 500 ScS–S differential travel times passing beneath the Philippines with various azimuths to discuss whether there were azimuthal variations in the ScS–S time residuals. By correcting for mantle heterogeneity using a three-dimensional (3D) mantle velocity model, we found a large variance reduction in the ScS–S residuals. In addition, the strong negative correlat…
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes refer to alterations in land use or physical characteristics. These changes can be caused by human activities, such as urbanization, agriculture, and resource extraction, as well as natural phenomena, for example, erosion and climate change. LULC changes significantly impact ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human welfare. In this study, LULC changes i…